2023
General information and occurrence
Lithologically the explored deposits of raw materials for the cement industry represent mainly clays and clayslates, but also loams, loesses and silts.
In the cement industry, clay raw materials are used for the cement clinker baking and for obtaining pozzolana additions for cement (and concrete).
In the clinker production process, clay raw materials (loams, clays, clayey schists, silts, loesses, clayey siderites and others) are natural supplementary additions or additions which adjust the composition of a basic compound: limestones and marls. According to the classification used in the cement industry, clay raw materials are qualified to the so-called “low raw materials”. The low raw materials contain 42% CaO (75% CaCO3), the normal raw materials contain 42-45% CaO (75-80% CaCO3) and the high raw materials contain >45% CaO (>80% CaCO3). The kiln input should contain 75-80% of calcium carbonate CaCO3 (42-45% CaO), be characterized by the relevant proportions of basic compounds CaO, SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 and by a low content of harmful admixtures. The proportions of basic compounds are as follows: hydraulic modulus MH=CaO/(SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3), siliceous modulus MK=SiO2/(Al2O3+Fe2O3) and loamy modulus MG=Al2O3/Fe2O3. In the case of Portland clinker production, the proportions values should be within the following ranges: MH 1.9-2.9; MK 2.1-3.5; MG 1.0-2.8.
For the cement production (from clinker) there can be clay raw materials used after thermal treatment – after milling they are characterized by pozzolana properties and can replaced cement clinker. The materials of this type are: burnt out coal schists or ignited kaolinite loams (meta-kaolinite). The pozzolana admixtures reduce the cement production costs (mainly energy consumption) and optimize cement and concrete properties. Their acceptable content in cement is 55%.
Clayey rocks usable for the cement clinker production occuring on the large areas of Poland are easily available. Documented deposits and identified prognostic and prospective areas cover various lithological geological formations: from the Quaternary through to the Cambrian. The usefulness of clayey rocks for the production of pozzolana admixtures has not been the subject of wider explorations in our country. The biggest potential in this respect have the following regions: Upper Silesian, Lower Silesian and the Holly Cross Mts. where clayey sediments reach in kaolinite occur.
The Geological and Mining Law does not define the limit values of the parameters that defines the deposit and its boundaries f a given raw material – it is not listed in the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of the 1st of July 2015 regarding the geological documentation of a mineral raw material deposit, excluding a hydrocarbons field (number of Polish act: Dz. U. 2015, poz. 987). The decisive factors are needs and requirements of the raw material recipient in terms of the raw material type and composition. The content of: MgO, P2O5 and Mn2O3, high SO3 content and content of NaO and K2O are undesirable factors. Such ingredients can be of the negative impact on the production process and the cement quality. Important factors are: a short distance from a plant and convenient exploitation conditions.
The state of development of documented deposits and current exploitation volumes of the clay raw materials for cement production are relatively low as at the stage of the raw material for the cement industry resources documentation (limestones and marls) and the exploitation planning, the aim is to optimize the raw material composition reducing the necessity of the composition correction. Moreover, there are also the secondary raw materials (wastes, anthropogenic) used (about 4.5 million tonnes/year), including: metallurgical slags, by-products of coal combustion, coal schists and others.
Resources and output
The anticipated economic resources of clay raw materials for the cement production as of the end of 2023 amounted to 279.457 million tonnes. They decreased by only 0.019 million tonnes (0.01%) in comparison with 2022.
In 2023, any new documentations or new documentations (supplements) with recalculated resources were elaborated for the given raw material.
Table 1. Clay raw materials for cement production – million tonnesDeposits of clay raw materials for the cement production (together with building ceramics raw materials) are presented on the map.
The output amounted to 0.019 million tonnes and decreased by 0.036 million tonnes (that is by 65%) in comparison with the previous year. There was only one deposit exploited: Lechówka. The raw material was used by the Chełm cement plant.
In the Kujawy cement plant, as the law raw material, there have been quartz sands from Barcin-Piechcin-Pakość deposit (Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship) used for many years. Such sands are described in the chapter Quartz sands for production of cellular concrete and lime-sand brick. In 2023 the output was equal 0.141 million tonnes.
The economic resources of the raw materials for cement production were determined for 4 deposits located in Lubelskie Voivodeship and they amount to 2.821 million tonnes.
The figure below shows changes in resources and output of clay raw materials for cement production in Poland in the years 1989-2023.
The clayey rocks, of the potential to be used for the cement production, occur commonly in Poland and the relatively low quality requirements are not the barrier to the prospecting process. The existing resources base exceeds the current domestic demand of the cement industry. Moreover, for the cement production, there can also be used the clayey raw materials documented for other purposes e.g.: for the building ceramics production, which are not used in line with the intended use*.
Prepared by: Wojciech Szczygielski
* Szczygielski W., Walentek I., 2020 – ‘Surowce ceramiki budowlanej (building ceramics raw materials), surowce do produkcji kruszyw ceramicznych i cementu (mineral raw materials for production of clay aggregates and cement clinker)’. In: ‘Bilans perspektywicznych zasobów kopalin Polski wg stanu na 31.12.2018 r.’ (eds. Szamałek K., Szuflicki M., Mizerski W.): 239-257. PIG-PIB, Warszawa [in Polish].
2022
General information and occurrence
Lithologically the explored deposits of raw materials for the cement industry represent mainly clays and clayslates, but also loams, loesses and silts.
In the cement industry, clay raw materials are used for the cement clinker baking and for obtaining pozzolana additions for cement (and concrete).
In the clinker production process, clay raw materials (loams, clays, clayey schists, silts, loesses, clayey siderites and others) are natural supplementary additions or additions which adjust the composition of a basic compound: limestones and marls. According to the classification used in the cement industry, clay raw materials are qualified to the so-called ‘low raw materials’. The low raw materials contain <42% CaO (<75% CaCO3), the normal raw materials contain 42-45% CaO (75-80% CaCO3) and the high raw materials contain >45% CaO (>80% CaCO3). The kiln input should contain 75-80% of CaCO3 (42-45% CaO), be characterized by the relevant proportions of basic compounds CaO, SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 and by a low content of harmful admixtures. The proportions of basic compounds are as follows: hydraulic modulus MH = CaO / (SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3), siliceous modulus MK = SiO2 / (Al2O3 + Fe2O3) and loamy modulus MG = Al2O3/Fe2O3. In the case of Portland clinker production, the proportions values should be within the following ranges: MH – 1.9-2.9; MK – 2.1-3.5; MG – 1.0-2.8.
For the cement production (from clinker) there can be clay raw materials used after thermal treatment – after milling they are characterized by pozzolana properties and can replaced cement clinker. The materials of this type are: burnt out coal schists or ignited kaolinite loams (meta-kaolinite). The pozzolana admixtures reduce the cement production costs (mainly energy consumption) and optimize cement and concrete properties. Their acceptable content in cement is 55%.
Clayey rocks usable for the cement clinker production occuring on the large areas of Poland are easily available. Documented deposits and identified prognostic and prospective areas cover various lithological geological formations: from the Quaternary through to the Cambrian. The usefulness of clayey rocks for the production of pozzolana admixtures has not been the subject of wider explorations in our country. The biggest potential in this respect have the following regions: Upper Silesian, Lower Silesian and the Holly Cross Mts. where clayey sediments reach in kaolinite occur.
The Geological and Mining Law does not define the limit values of the parameters that defines the deposit and its boundaries f a given raw material – it is not listed in the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of the 1st of July 2015 regarding the geological documentation of a mineral raw material deposit, excluding a hydrocarbons field (number of Polish act: Dz. U. 2015, poz. 987). The decisive factors are needs and requirements of the raw material recipient in terms of the raw material type and composition. The content of: MgO, P2O5 and Mn2O3, high SO3 content and content of NaO and K2O are undesirable factors. Such ingredients can be of the negative impact on the production process and the cement quality. Important factors are: a short distance from a plant and convenient exploitation conditions.
The state of development of documented deposits and current exploitation volumes of the clay raw materials for cement production are relatively low as at the stage of the raw material for the cement industry resources documentation (limestones and marls) and the exploitation planning, the aim is to optimize the raw material composition reducing the necessity of the composition correction. Moreover, there are also the secondary raw materials (wastes, anthropogenic) used (about 4.5 million tonnes/year), including: metallurgical slags, by-products of coal combustion, coal schists and others.
Resources and output
The anticipated economic resources of clay raw materials for the cement production as of the end of 2022 amounted to 279,477 million tonnes (Table 1). They decreased by 0.306 million tonnes in comparison with 2021.
In 2022, new documentations with recalculated resources (supplements) were elaborated for the following deposits: Buśno and Podgórze located in Lubelskie Voivodeship. In the case of the Buśno deposit there was the resources growth recorded (balance 0.068 million tonnes; the extension of the deposit boundaries; the resources updating); whereas in the case of the Podgórze deposit the resources dropped (−0.341 million tonnes of loam for the cement clinker production) due to including the deposit into the sand and gravel deposit Wereszcze Duże (loams – accompanying raw material – raw materials for engineering works, potentially for the cement production).
Deposits of clay raw materials for the cement production (together with building ceramics raw materials) are presented on the map.
In the reporting year, there were 2 deposits in Lubelskie Voivodeship exploited: Buśno and Lechówka. The output amounted to 0.055 million tonnes and decreased by 0.032 million tonnes (that is by 36.8%) in comparison with the previous year. The raw material was used by the Chełm cement plant.
In the Kujawy cement plant, as the low raw material, there have been quartz sands from the Barcin-Piechcin-Pakość deposit (Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship) used for many years. Such sands are recorded in the chapter Quartz sands for production of cellular concrete and lime-sand brick. In 2022 the output was equal 0.077 million tonnes.
The economic resources of the raw materials for cement production were determined for 4 deposits located in Lubelskie Voivodeship and they amount to 2,840 million tonnes.
The figure below shows changes in resources and output of clay raw materials for cement production in Poland in the years 1989-2022.
The clayey rocks, of the potential to be used for the cement production, occur commonly in Poland and the relatively low quality requirements are not the barrier to the prospecting process. The existing resources base exceeds the current domestic demand of the cement industry. Moreover, for the cement production, there can also be used the clayey raw materials documented for other purposes e.g.: for the building ceramics production, which are not used in line with the intended use*.
Prepared by: Wojciech Szczygielski
* Szczygielski W., Walentek I., 2020 – ‘Surowce ceramiki budowlanej (building ceramics raw materials), surowce do produkcji kruszyw ceramicznych i cementu (mineral raw materials for production of clay aggregates and cement clinker)’. In: ‘Bilans perspektywicznych zasobów kopalin Polski wg stanu na 31.12.2018 r.’ (eds. Szamałek K., Szuflicki M., Mizerski W.): 239-257. PIG-PIB, Warszawa [in Polish].
2021
General information and occurrence
Lithologically the explored deposits of raw materials for the cement industry represent mainly clays and clayslates, but also loams, loesses and silts.
In the cement industry, clay raw materials are used for the cement clinker baking and for obtaining pozzolana additions for cement (and concrete).
In the clinker production process, clay raw materials (loams, clays, clayey schists, silts, loesses, clayey siderites and others) are natural supplementary additions or additions which adjust the composition of a basic compound: limestones and marls. According to the classification used in the cement industry, clay raw materials are qualified to the so-called ‘low raw materials’. The low raw materials contain <42% CaO (<75% CaCO3), the normal raw materials contain 42-45% CaO (75-80% CaCO3) and the high raw materials contain >45% CaO (>80% CaCO3). The kiln input should contain 75-80% of CaCO3 (42-45% CaO), be characterized by the relevant proportions of basic compounds CaO, SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 and by a low content of harmful admixtures. The proportions of basic compounds are as follows: hydraulic modulus MH = CaO / (SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3), siliceous modulus MK = SiO2 / (Al2O3 + Fe2O3) and loamy modulus MG = Al2O3/Fe2O3. In the case of Portland clinker production, the proportions values should be within the following ranges: MH – 1.9-2.9; MK – 2.1-3.5; MG – 1.0-2.8.
For the cement production (from clinker) there can be clay raw materials used after thermal treatment – after milling they are characterized by pozzolana properties and can replaced cement clinker. The materials of this type are: burnt out coal schists or ignited kaolinite loams (meta-kaolinite). The pozzolana admixtures reduce the cement production costs (mainly energy consumption) and optimize cement and concrete properties. Their acceptable content in cement is 55%.
Clayey rocks usable for the cement clinker production occur on the large areas of Poland are easily available. Documented deposits and identified prognostic and prospective areas cover various lithological geological formations: from the Quaternary through to the Cambrian. The usefulness of clayey rocks for the production of pozzolana admixtures has not been the subject of wider explorations in our country. The biggest potential in this respect have the following regions: Upper Silesian, Lower Silesian and the Holly Cross Mts. where clayey sediments reach in kaolinite occur.
The Geological and Mining Law does not define the limit values of the parameters that defines the deposit and its boundaries f a given raw material – it is not listed in the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of the 1st of July 2015 regarding the geological documentation of a mineral raw material deposit, excluding a hydrocarbons field (number of Polish act: Dz. U. 2015, poz. 987). The decisive factors are needs and requirements of the raw material recipient in terms of the raw material type and composition. The content of: MgO, P2O5 and Mn2O3, high SO3 content and content of NaO and K2O are undesirable factors. Such ingredients can be of the negative impact on the production process and the cement quality. Important factors are: a short distance from a plant and convenient exploitation conditions.
The state of development of documented deposits and current exploitation volumes of the clay raw materials for cement production are relatively low as at the stage of the raw material for the cement industry resources documentation (limestones and marls) and the exploitation planning, the aim is to optimize the raw material composition reducing the necessity of the composition correction. Moreover, there are also the secondary raw materials (wastes, anthropogenic) used (about 4.5 million tonnes/year), including: metallurgical slags, by-products of coal combustion, coal schists and others.
Resources and output
The anticipated economic resources of clay raw materials for the cement production as of the end of 2021 amounted to 279,783 million tonnes (Table 1). They increased by 0.267 million tonnes in comparison with 2020.
In 2021, there was one new deposit documented in Lubelskie Voivodeship – Podgórze. The resources of loams (0.341 million tonnes) for the cement clinker production are the accompanying raw material, whereas the main raw material are sands for building purposes (natural aggregates).
Deposits of clay raw materials for the cement production (together with building ceramics raw materials) are presented on the map.
In the reporting year, there were 2 deposits in Lubelskie Voivodeship exploited: Buśno and Lechówka. The output amounted to 0.087 million tonnes and decreased by 0.005 million tonnes (that is by 5.4%) in comparison with the previous year. The raw material was used by the Chełm cement plant..
In the Kujawy cement plant, as the low raw material, there have been quartz sands from the Barcin-Piechcin-Pakość deposit (Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship) used for many years. Such sands are recorded in the chapter Quartz sands for production of cellular concrete and lime-sand brick. In 2021 the output was equal 0.020 million tonnes.
The figure below shows changes in resources and output of clay raw materials for cement production in Poland in the years 1989-2021.
The clayey rocks, of the potential to be used for the cement production, occur commonly in Poland and the relatively low quality requirements are not the barrier to the prospecting process. The existing resources base exceeds the current domestic demand of the cement industry. Moreover, for the cement production, there can also be used the clayey raw materials documented for other purposes e.g.: for the building ceramics production, which are not used in line with the intended use*.
Prepared by: Wojciech Szczygielski
* Szczygielski W., Walentek I., 2020 – ‘Surowce ceramiki budowlanej (building ceramics raw materials), surowce do produkcji kruszyw ceramicznych i cementu (mineral raw materials for production of clay aggregates and cement clinker)’. In: ‘Bilans perspektywicznych zasobów kopalin Polski wg stanu na 31.12.2018 r.’ (eds. Szamałek K., Szuflicki M., Mizerski W.): 239-257. PIG-PIB, Warszawa [in Polish].
2020
General information and occurrence
Clay raw materials are used for the production of the cement clinker as a supplement adjusting of a kiln input. The basic compound of a kiln input are carbonate rocks: limestones and marls. The optimum content of CaCO3 in the raw material for the clinker baking is 75-80%. In the case when the composition of the basic raw material differs from these values, various mineral additions are used. Clay raw materials reduce the CaCO3 content and increase the content of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3.
According to the classification used in a cement industry, clay raw materials are qualified to the low raw materials group. The low raw materials contain <42% CaO (<75% CaCO3), the normal raw materials contain 42-45% CaO (75-80% CaCO3) and the high raw materials contain >45% CaO (>80% CaCO3).
The advancements in a development and current exploitation of the clay raw materials for cement production are relatively low. Already at the stage of the documentation and exploitation of the raw materials for the cement industry deposits, the aim is to optimize the raw material composition. It reduces the necessity of the composition correction. There are also the waste raw materials widely used: the dusts, the ashes, the blust furnace slags, the clayey mining wastes and others.
Lithologically the explored deposits of raw materials for the cement industry represent mainly clays and clayslates, but also loams, loesses and silts.
Resources and output
The anticipated economic resources of clay raw materials for the cement production as of the end of 2020 amounted to 279,516 million tonnes. They slightly increased by 0.058 million tonnes in comparison with 2019 (Table 1).
In 2020, there was one new deposit documented – Lechówka III. The resources of loams and silts (0.151 million tonnes) for the cement production are the accompanying raw material, whereas the main raw material are sands for building purposes (natural aggregates).
Deposits of clay raw materials for the cement production (together with building ceramics raw materials) are presented on the map.
In the reporting year, there were 2 deposits in Lubelskie Voivodeship exploited: Buśno and Lechówka. The output amounted to 0.092 million tonnes and decreased by 0.073 million tonnes (that is by 44%) in comparison with the previous year. The raw material was used by the Chełm cement plant.
In the Kujawy cement plant, as the low raw material, there have been quartz sands from Barcin-Piechcin-Pakość deposit (Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship) used for many years. Such sands are recorded in the chapter Quartz sands for production of cellular concrete and lime-sand brick. In 2020 the output was equal 0.065 million tonnes (in 2019 the deposit was not exploited).
The figure below shows changes in resources and output of clay raw materials for cement production in Poland in the years 1989-2020.
The clayey rocks, of the potential to be used for the cement production, occur commonly in Poland and the relatively low quality requirements are not the barrier to the prospecting process. The existing resources base exceeds the current domestic demand of the cement industry. Moreover, for the cement production, there can also be used the clayey raw materials documented for other purposes e.g.: for the building ceramics production, which are not used in line with the intended use*.
Prepared by: Wojciech Szczygielski
* Szczygielski W., Walentek I., 2020 – ‘Surowce ceramiki budowlanej (building ceramics raw materials), surowce do produkcji kruszyw ceramicznych i cementu (mineral raw materials for production of clay aggregates and cement clinker)’. In: ‘Bilans perspektywicznych zasobów kopalin Polski wg stanu na 31.12.2018 r.’ (eds. Szamałek K., Szuflicki M., Mizerski W.): 239-257. PIG-PIB, Warszawa [in Polish].
2019
General information and occurrence
Clay raw materials are used for the production of the cement clinker as a supplement adjusting of a kiln input. The basic compound of a kiln input are carbonate rocks: limestones and marls. The optimum content of CaCO3 in the raw material for the clinker baking is 75-80%. In the case when the composition of the basic raw material differs from these values, various mineral additions are used. Clay raw materials reduce the CaCO3 content and increase the content of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3.
According to the classification used in a cement industry, clay raw materials are qualified to the low raw materials group. The low raw materials contain <42% CaO (<75% CaCO3), the normal raw materials contain 42-45% CaO (75-80% CaCO3) and the high raw materials contain >45% CaO (>80% CaCO3).
The advancements in a development and current exploitation of the clay raw materials for cement production are relatively low. Already at the stage of the documentation and exploitation of the raw materials for the cement industry deposits, the aim is to optimize the raw material composition. It reduces the necessity of the composition correction. There are also the waste raw materials widely used: the dusts, the ashes, the blust furnace slags, the clayey mining wastes and others.
Lithologically the explored deposits of raw materials for the cement industry represent mainly clays and clayslates, but also loams, loesses and silts.
Resources and output
The anticipated economic resources of clay raw materials deposits for the cement production as of the end of 2019 amount to 279,458 million tonnes. They decreased by 0.183 million tonnes (0.1%) in comparison with 2018 (Table 1).
In 2019, there was one new deposit documented – Lechówka II. The resources of loams and silts (0.139 million tonnes) for the cement production are the accompanying raw material, whereas the main raw material are sands (natural aggregates). For the loessial loams deposit Buśno, there was a new documentation with recalculated resources approved – it updated the resources and the deposit boarders (the resources drop by 0.150 million tonnes).
Deposits of clay raw materials for the cement production (together with building ceramics raw materials) are presented on the map.
In the reporting year, there were 2 deposits in Lubelskie Voivodeship exploited: Buśno and Lechówka. The raw material was used by the Chełm cement plant. The output amounted to 0.165 million tonnes and increased by 30.9% in comparison with the previous year. In the Kujawy cement plant, as the low raw material, there have been quartz sands from Barcin-Piechcin-Pakość deposit (Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship) used for many years. Such sands are recorded in the chapter Quartz sands for production of cellular concrete and lime-sand brick but in 2019 the deposit was not exploited.
The figure below shows changes in resources and output of clay raw materials for cement production in Poland in the years 1989-2019.
The clayey rocks, of the potential to be used for the cement production, occur commonly in Poland and the relatively low quality requirements are not the barrier to the prospecting process. The existing resources base exceeds the current domestic demand. Moreover, for the cement production, there can also be used the clayey raw materials documented for other purposes e.g.: for the building ceramics production, which are not used in line with the intended use*.
Prepared by: Wojciech Szczygielski
* Szczygielski W., Walentek I., 2020 – ‘Surowce ceramiki budowlanej (building ceramics raw materials), surowce do produkcji kruszyw ceramicznych i cementu (mineral raw materials for production of clay aggregates and cement clinker)’. In: ‘Bilans perspektywicznych zasobów kopalin Polski wg stanu na 31.12.2018 r.’ (eds. Szamałek K., Szuflicki M., Mizerski W.): 239-257. PIG-PIB, Warszawa.
2018
Clay raw materials are used for the production of the cement clinker as a supplement adjusting of a kiln input. The basic compound of a kiln input are carbonate rocks: limestones and marls. The optimum content of CaCO3 in a raw material for the clinker baking is 75-80%. In the case when the composition of the basic raw material differs from these values, various mineral additions are used. Clay raw materials reduce the CaCO3 content and increase the content of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3.
According to the classification used in a cement industry, clay raw materials are qualified to the low raw materials group. Law raw materials contain <42% CaO (<75% CaCO3), normal raw materials contain 42-45% CaO (75-80% CaCO3) and high raw materials contain >45% CaO (>80% CaCO3).
The advancements in a development and current exploitation of the clay raw materials for cement production are relatively low. This is due to the two main factors: (1) at the stage of the documentation and exploitation of deposits of raw materials for cement industry the aim is to optimize the composition of raw material which reduces the necessity of the composition correction; (2) as a low raw material there are often waste raw materials used: the dust, the ashes, the blust furnace slag and others – they replace the natural raw materials.
Lithologically the explored deposits of raw materials for the cement industry represent mainly clays and clayslates, but also loams, loesses and silts.
Anticipated economic resources of clay raw materials deposits for the cement production as of the edn of 2018 amount to 279,641 million tonnes. They increased by 2,429 million tonnes (0.9%) in comparison with 2017 (Table 1).
In 2018 there was a new documentation with recalculated resources approved for a loessal loams deposit Buśno (2,543 million tonnes) designed for the cement production. There were previous borders of this deposit extended and the resources within the exploitation area updated. Till 2017 the resources of Buśno deposit were recorded in the chapter Building ceramics raw materials, however since 2012 the raw material from this deposit has been used for the production of cement clinker and the production of bricks has been suspended. On the basis of the decision approving the new documentation there was Lechówka dz.97/1,101/1 deposit crossed out from ‘The balance…’ as the deposit area and its resources have been included into natural aggregates Lechówka deposit where the raw materials for the cement production are the accompanying raw material.
Deposits of clay raw materials for the cement production (together with building ceramics raw materials) are presented on the map.
There were 2 deposits in Lubelskie Voivodeship exploited in 2018: Buśno and Lechówka for the cement plant Chełm. The output amounted to 0.114 million tonnes. The output volume increased twofold in comparison with 2017. For the cement production in the cement plant Kujawy, as a low raw material, are quartz sands from Barcin-Piechcin-Pakość deposit (Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship) used – they are recorded in the chapter ‘Quartz sands for production of cellular concrete and lime-sand brick’. The output of these sands was equal about 0.143 million tonnes in 2018, being at least twice bigger than in 2017 (about 0.069 million tonnes; 0.040 million m3).
The figure below shows changes in resources and output of clay raw materials for cement production in Poland in the years 1989-2018.
Prepared by: Wojciech Szczygielski
2017
Clay raw materials are used to provide alumina and silica to the charge for the cement kiln and thus counterbalance too high content of CaCO3 in limestones and marls. The optimum content of CaCO3 in the kiln charge is 75-80%. When CaCO3 exceeds these values, various mineral additions are added to reduce its content at the advantage of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3.
Clay raw materials are qualified to the low raw materials group. According to the classification used in a cement industry: low raw materials contain <42% CaO (<75% CaCO3), normal raw materials contain 42-45% CaO (75-80% CaCO3) and high raw materials contain >45% CaO (>80% CaCO3).
The advancements in a development and current exploitation of these raw materials are relatively low. This is due to the two main factors: (1) attempts to achieve the optimum composition of mined major raw material (in this case – limestones and marls) and, in this way, to diminish the problems with its correction, usually made by the operators at the development stage, that is at the stage of works performed to open a mineral deposit for exploitation, and (2) a replacement of natural clay raw materials with mineral waste raw materials such as ash from heat and power plants, blast furnace slag and similar ones.
Lithologically the explored deposits of raw materials for the cement industry represent loams, clays, loesses and silts.
In 2017 anticipated economic resources of clay raw materials deposits for the cement industry increased by 0.402 million tonnes (0.1%) in comparison with 2016 and were reported to be equal 277.21 million tonnes (Table 1).
In 2017 there was a documentation of the natural aggregates deposit Lechówka approved where clay raw materials for the cement industry (clays and silts) are the co-occurring raw material. Within the deposit borders, except for new documented areas, there are also 6 already documented fields including 5 natural aggregates deposits with clay raw materials for the cement production: Lechówka dz.99, Lechówka dz. 102/1, 99, Lechówka dz.86, Lechówka dz. 104/1, Lechówka dz.97/1,101/1. For 4 of them (except for the last listed above) there were new documentations with settled resources elaborated and the deposits were crossed out from ‘The balance…’.
There was also Pawłów deposit crossed out from ‘The balance…’ – as a result of a new documentation with settled resources approved in 2000 (the verification and harmonization process of the deposits information).
Deposits of clay raw materials for the cement production (together with building ceramics raw materials) are presented on the map.
The exploitation of deposits described in this chapter has been carrying out only in the Lubelskie Voivodeship area for the Chełm cement factory. In 2017 the output was recorded for Lechówka dz. 102/1, 99 and Lechówka dz. 104/1 deposits from which 0.007 million tonnes of raw materials were produced.
Moreover, for the cement production in the Chełm cement factory there were used about 0.057 million tonnes (0.029 million m3) of clayey raw material from Buśno deposit (Lubelskie Voivodeship). The raw material from Buśno deposit has been used for the cement kiln production since 2012, whereas the production of building ceramics was abandoned due to its unprofitability. The deposit is still placed in the chapter Building ceramics raw material – according to the way of raw material using described in the geological documentation.
The Kujawy cement plant also uses – as so-called ‘low raw material’ – sands from Barcin-Piechcin-Pakość deposit (Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship), which is placed in the chapter Quartz sands for the production of the cellural concrete and lime-sand brick. The output amounted to about 0.069 million tonnes (0.040 thousand m3) in 2017.
The figure below shows changes in resources and output of clay raw materials for cement production in Poland in the years 1989-2017.
Prepared by: Wojciech Szczygielski
2016
Clay raw materials are used to provide alumina and silica to the charge for the cement kiln and thus counterbalance too high content of CaCO3 in limestones and marls. The optimum content of CaCO3 in the kiln charge is 75-80%. When CaCO3 exceeds these values, various mineral additions are added to reduce its content at the advantage of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3.
Clay raw materials are qualified to the low raw materials group. According to the classification used in cement industry: low raw materials contain <42% CaO (<75% CaCO3), normal raw materials contain 42-45% CaO (75-80% CaCO3) and high raw materials contain >45% CaO (>80% CaCO3).
The advancements in development and current exploitation of these raw materials are relatively low. This is due to the two main factors: (1) attempts to achieve the optimum composition of mined major raw material (in this case – limestones and marls) and, in this way, to diminish the problems with its correction, usually made by the operators at the development stage, that is at the stage of works performed to open a mineral deposit for exploitation, and (2) replacement of natural clay raw materials with mineral waste raw materials such as ash from heat and power plants, blast furnace slag and similar ones.
Lithologically the explored deposits of raw materials for the cement industry represent loams, clays, loesses and silts.
In 2016 anticipated economic resources of clay raw materials deposits for the cement industry increased by 0.279 million tonnes (0.1%) in comparison with 2015 and were reported to be equal 276.81 million tonnes (table 1).
In 2016 there were resources of raw materials for production of cement kiln as co-occurring raw material documented – below the bottom of sand deposit Lechówka dz.86 (+0.294 million tonnes of clays and silts).
Deposits of clay raw materials for cement production (together with building ceramics raw materials) are presented on the map.
Exploitation of deposits described in this chapter has been carrying out only in Lubelskie Voivodeship area for Chełm cement factory. In 2016 the output was recorded only for Lechówka dz. 102/1, 99 from which 0.006 million tonnes of raw materials were produced.
For cement production in Chełm cement factory there were also used about 0.052 million tonnes (0.026 million m3) of clayey raw material from Buśno deposit (Lubelskie Voivodeship) which is still placed in the chapter ‘Building ceramics raw material’ – according to the way of raw material using described in the geological documentation. Nevertheless, in 2012 the production of building ceramics was abandoned and the raw material started to be used as a component for cement production. In 2016 there were about 52 thousand tonnes (26 thousand m3) produced from this deposit.
The Kujawy cement plant also uses – as so-called ‘low raw material’ – sands from the Barcin-Piechcin-Pakość deposit (Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship), which is placed in the chapter ‘Quartz sands for production of cellural concrete and lime-sand brick’. The output amounted to 50 thousand tonnes (30 thousand m3) in 2016.
Prepared by: Wojciech Szczygielski
2015
Clay raw materials are used to provide alumina and silica to the charge for the cement kiln and thus counterbalance too high content of CaCO3 in limestones and marls. The optimum content of CaCO3 in the kiln charge is 75-80%. When CaCO3 exceeds these values, clays are added to reduce its content at the advantage of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3.
Clay raw materials are qualified to the low raw materials group. According to the classification used in cement industry: low raw materials contain <42% CaO (<75% CaCO3), normal raw materials contain 42-45% CaO (75-80% CaCO3) and high raw materials contain >45% CaO (>80% CaCO3).
The advancements in development and current exploitation of these raw materials are relatively low. This is due to the two factors: (1) attempts to achieve the optimum composition of mined major raw material (in this case – limestones and marls) and, in this way, to diminish the problems with its correction, usually made by the operators at the development stage, that is at the stage of works performed to open a mineral deposit for exploitation, and (2) replacement of natural clay raw materials with mineral waste raw materials such as ash from heat and power plants, blast furnace slag and similar ones.
Lithologically the explored deposits of raw materials for the cement industry represent loams, clays, loesses and silts.
Anticipated economic resources of clay raw material deposits for the cement industry decreased in 2015 by 0.01 million tonnes (in comparison with 2014) and were reported to be equal 276.53 million tonnes (table 1).
There was a not new deposit documented in 2015 but Borki – hałda deposit was crossed out from ‘The balance…’. The deposit was formed by the mound of wastes of iron ore mine Łęczyca I. In the 1994-1996 period the ore was used for cement production in Działoszyn. According to ‘The balance…’ the resources of raw material declined from 300 thousand tonnes calculated in mine management plan to only about 8 thousand tonnes.
Deposits of clay raw materials for cement production (together with building ceramics raw materials) are presented on the map.
Exploitation has been carrying out only in Lubelskie Voivodeship area for Chełm cement factory. In 2015 the output was not recorded from deposits described in this chapter (table 2). However, in 2012 it was replaced (in Chełm factory) by the loess raw material which was exploited from Buśno deposit (Lubelskie Voivodeship). Before 2012, this raw material had been used for ceramic brick production (according to the geological documentation of the deposit). Therefore, Buśno deposit is covered in the chapter ‘Building ceramics raw material’. In 2015 the output amounted to 100 thousand tonnes (50 thousand m3).
The Kujawy cement plant also uses sands from Barcin-Piechcin-Pakość deposit (Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship), which is placed in the chapter ‘Quartz sands for production of cellular concrete and lime-sand brick’ (classification according to the geological documentation). The output amounted to 31 thousand tonnes (18 thousand m3) in 2015.
Prepared by: Wojciech Szczygielski
2014
Clay raw materials are used to provide alumina and silica to the charge for the cement kiln and thus counterbalance too high content of CaCO3 in limestones and marls. The optimum content of CaCO3 in the kiln charge is 75-80%. When CaCO3 exceeds these values, clays are added to reduce its content at the advantage of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3.
Clay raw materials are qualified to the low raw materials group. According to the classification used in cement industry: low raw materials contain 3), normal raw materials contain 42-45% CaO (75-80% CaCO3) and high raw materials contain >45% CaO (80% CaCO3).
The advancements in development and current exploitation of these raw materials are relatively low. This is due to two factors: (1) attempts to achieve the optimum composition of mined major raw material (in this case – limestones and marls) and, in this way, to diminish the problems with its correction, usually made by the operators at the development stage, that is at the stage of works performed to open a mineral deposit for exploitation, and (2) replacement of natural clay raw materials with mineral waste raw materials such as ash from heat and power plants, blast furnace slag and similar ones.
Lithologically the explored deposits of raw materials for the cement industry represent loams, clays, clay siderites, loesses and silts.
Anticipated economic resources of clay raw material deposits for the cement industry increased in 2014 by 0.25 million tonnes (in comparison with 2013) and were reported to be equal 276.54 million tonnes. There was new documentation with recalculated resources approved for Lechówka dz. 102/1, 99 deposit (resources increased by 246 thousand tonnes).
Deposits of clay raw materials for cement production (together with building ceramics raw materials) are presented on the map.
Exploitation has been carrying out only in Lubelskie Voivodeship area for Chełm cement factory. In 2014 the output was not recorded from deposits described in this chapter. However, it was replaced by the loess raw material which was exploited from Buśno deposit (Lubelskie Voivodeship). Buśno deposit is covered in the chapter ‘Building ceramics raw material’. In 2014 the output amounted to 101 thousand tonnes (51 thousand m3).
The Kujawy cement plant also uses sands from the Barcin-Piechcin-Pakość deposit (Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship), which is placed in the chapter ‘Quartz sands for production of cellural concrete and lime-sand brick’ (classification according to the geological documentation). The output amounted to 104 thousand tonnes (61 thousand m3) in 2014.
Prapared by: Wojciech Szczygielski
2013
Clay raw materials are used to provide alumina and silica to the charge for the cement kiln and thus counterbalance too high content of CaCO3 in limestones and marls. The optimum content of CaCO3 in the kiln charge is 75-80%. When CaCO3 exceeds these values, clays are added to reduce its content at the advantage of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3.
Clay raw materials are qualified to the low raw materials group. According to the classification used in cement industry: low raw materials contain 3), normal raw materials contain 42-45% CaO (75-80% CaCO3) and high raw materials contain >45% CaO (80% CaCO3).
The advancements in development and current exploitation of these raw materials are relatively low. This is due to two factors: (1) attempts to achieve the optimum composition of mined major raw material (in this case – limestones and marls) and, in this way, to diminish the problems with its correction, usually made by the operators at the development stage, that is at the stage of works performed to open a mineral deposit for exploitation, and (2) replacement of natural clay raw materials with mineral waste raw materials such as ash from heat and power plants, blast furnace slag and similar ones.
Lithologically the explored deposits of raw materials for the cement industry represent loams, clays, clay siderites, loesses and silts.
Anticipated economic resources of clay raw material deposits for the cement industry increased in 2013 by 0.44 million tonnes (in comparison with 2012) and were reported to be equal 276.29 million tonnes. There was new documentation with recalculated resources approved for Izbica V deposit (documentation prepared due to the end of exploitation within exploitation concession borders).
Deposits of clay raw materials for cement production (together with building ceramics raw materials) are presented on the map.
Exploitation is carrying out only in Lubelskie Voivodeship area. In 2013 output amounted to 28.37 thousand tonnes and decreased by 68% in comparison with 2012.
The Kujawy cement plant also uses sands from the Barcin-Piechcin-Pakość deposit (Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship), which is placed in the chapter ‘Quartz sands for production of cellural concrete and lime-sand brick’ (classification according to the geological documentation).
Prapared by: Wojciech Szczygielski
2012
Clay raw materials are used to provide alumina and silica to the charge for the cement kiln and thus counterbalance too high content of CaCO3 in limestones and marls. The optimum content of CaCO3 in the kiln charge is 75-80%. When CaCO3 exceeds these values, clays are added to reduce its content at the advantage of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3.
Clay raw materials are qualified to the low raw materials group. According to the classification used in cement industry: low raw materials contain 3), normal raw materials contain 42-45% CaO (75-80% CaCO3) and high raw materials contain >45% CaO (80% CaCO3).
The advancements in development and current exploitation of these raw materials are relatively low. This is due to two factors: (1) attempts to achieve the optimum composition of mined major raw material (in this case – limestones and marls) and, in this way, to diminish the problems with its correction, usually made by the operators at the development stage, that is at the stage of works performed to open a mineral deposit for exploitation, and (2) replacement of natural clay raw materials with mineral waste raw materials such as ash from heat and power plants, blast furnace slag and similar ones.
Lithologically the explored deposits of raw materials for the cement industry represent loams, clays, clay siderites, loesses and silts.
Anticipated economic resources of clay raw material deposits for the cement industry decreased in 2012 by 7.87 million tonnes (in comparison with 2011) and were reported to be equal 275.85 million tonnes.
Deposits of clay raw materials for cement production (together with building ceramics raw materials) are presented on the map.
There was not any new deposit documented in 2012.
Exploitation is carrying on only in Lubelskie Voivodeship area. In 2012 output amounted to 88.74 thousand tonnes and decreased by 25.9% in comparison with 2011.
The Kujawy cement plant also uses sands from the Barcin-Piechcin-Pakość deposit (Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship), which is placed in the chapter ‘Quartz sands for production of cellural concrete and lime-sand brick’ (classification according to the geological documentation).
Prapared by: Wojciech Szczygielski
2011
Clay raw materials are used to provide alumina and silica to the charge for the cement kiln and thus counterbalance too high content of CaCO3 in limestones and marls. The optimum content of CaCO3 in the kiln charge is 75-80%. When CaCO3 exceeds these values, clays are added to reduce its content at the advantage of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3.
The advancements in development and current exploitation of these raw materials are relatively low. This is due to two factors: (1) attempts to achieve the optimum composition of mined major raw material (in this case – limestones and marls) and, in this way, to diminish the problems with its correction, usually made by the operators at the development stage, that is at the stage of works performed to open a mineral deposit for exploitation, and (2) replacement of natural clay raw materials with mineral waste raw materials such as ash from heat and power plants, blast furnace slag and similar ones.
Lithologically the explored deposits of raw materials for the cement industry represent loams, clays, clay siderites, loesses and silts.
Anticipated economic resources of clay raw material deposits for the cement industry decreased in 2011 by 0.139 million tonnes (in comparison with 2010) and were reported to be 283.63 million tonnes.
Deposits of clay raw materials for cement production (together with building ceramics raw materials) are presented on the map.
There was not any new deposit documented in 2011.
Exploitation is carrying on only in lubelskie voivodeship area. In 2011 output amounted to 120 thousand tonnes and decreased by 9.1% in comparison with 2010.
The Kujawy cement plant also uses sands from the Barcin-Piechcin-Pakość deposit (Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship), which is placed in the chapter ‘Quartz sands for production of cellural concrete and lime-sand brick’ (classification according to the geological documentation).
Prapared by: Wojciech Szczygielski