2023
The main source of heavy minerals e.g. in the Baltic Sea are secondary clastic deposits in a form of sandy sediments of the shallow-water and beach area. The Baltic heavy minerals concentrations occur within the banks: Odrzana and Słupska. Sands with heavy minerals were documented within the north part of the Bay of Pomerania, within the bottom of the Ławica Odrzana, within the Polish Exclusive Economic Zone of the Baltic Sea. The documentation was the result of the longstanding and multistage geological studies, concentrated on the exploration of the Bay of Pomerania geological structure, on the searching of useful minerals and possibilities of their usage. Sands of the Ławica Odrzana deposit are well sorted an usually contain above 90% of quartz. The main component of heavy minerals are translucent minerals in the amount of 51.6% to 75.9%, with the less significant participation of non-translucent minerals – in the amount of 24.1% to 48.4%.
The contribution of heavy minerals in sands varies. Within the layer between the surface and the depth of 0.5 m the contribution is between 1.4% and 21.7% (the mean 4.4-4.5%), whereas within the sand deposit layer between 0.5 m and 1.0 m below the sea bottom it is between 2% and 4.2% (the mean 2.5-3.3%). The limit value is the 2% isoline of the heavy minerals contribution in the sands. The main useful components in Ławica Odrzana deposit are heavy minerals such as: ilmenite (FeTiO3), rutile (TiO2), zircon (ZrSiO4) and garnets (Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn)3(Al, Fe, Cr)2(SiO4)3. The percentage contribution of particular minerals in the total amount of heavy minerals in the deposit is as follows: ilmenite – 31%; zircon – 5%; leucoxene – 4%; rutile – 4%; garnets – 32%.
North of the documented Ławica Odrzana deposit there are located prospective areas of sands with heavy minerals occurrence, however it requires a detailed exploration. Prospective resources of sands with heavy minerals occur on the Ławica Słupska area near the natural aggregates deposit and within the south-eastern slope of the Ławica. The average content of heavy minerals is from 3.1 to 13.1 weighted percentage (maximum of 45 weighted percentage) and is similar to this from the Ławica Odrzana deposit. The total heavy minerals resources have not been estimated, but according to the preliminary assessments in 1 tonne of sand the following amounts of minerals occur: about 17.40 kg of ilmenite, 2.5-3.5 kg of zirconium, rutile and monazite, and 9.5-30.0 kg of garnets*. Within the Baltic sands with heavy minerals, in the samples of a zirconium concentrate from the Ławica Słupska and Ławica Odrzana sands there was a content of rear earth elements (REE) detected. In the zircon concentrate from the Ławica Odrzana sands, the REE content is as follows: Ce – 3.9 g/kg, La – 1.9, Nd – 1.7, Pd, Y, Gd, Sa within the range of 0.5-0.2 g/kg; whereas in the zircon concentrate from the Ławica Słupska sands the following contents were indicated: Ce – 2.3 g/kg; La – 1.1; Nd – 0.96, Pd, Y, Gd, Sa within the range of 0.1-0.3 g/kg.
The useful components from the Ławica Odrzana deposit could be used for the colorants and coat production, for the production of high resistance steel, artificial materials, paper, electronics, in the biomedical engineering, in the ceramic and glass industries, in nuclear power and for the production of abrasives and fibers. Quartz sands remaining after a heavy minerals separation might be used in the glass industry, for the production of moulding sands and in the building industry.
Prepared by: Wojciech Miśkiewicz
* Kramarska R., Szamałek K., 2020 – ‘Minerały ciężkie’. In: ‘Bilans perspektywicznych zasobów kopalin Polski wg stanu na 31.12.2018 r.’ (eds. Szamałek K., Szuflicki M., Mizerski W.): 418. PIG-PIB, Warszawa [in Polish].
2022
The main source of heavy minerals e.g. in the Baltic Sea are secondary clastic deposits in a form of sandy sediments of the shallow-water and beach area. The Baltic heavy minerals concentrations occur within the banks: Odrzana and Słupska. Sands with heavy minerals were documented north of the Bay of Pomerania, within the Polish Exclusive Economic Zone of the Baltic Sea – in the north-eastern part of the Ławica Odrzana (the Odrzana bank). The documentation was the result of the longstanding and multistage geological studies, concentrated on the exploration of the Bay of Pomerania geological structure, on the searching of useful minerals and possibilities of their usage. Sands of the Ławica Odrzana deposit are well sorted an usually contain above 90% of quartz. The main component of heavy minerals are translucent minerals in the amount of 51.6% to 75.9%, with the less significant participation of non-translucent minerals – in the amount of 24.1% to 48.4%.
The contribution of heavy minerals in sands varies. Within the layer between the surface and the depth of 0.5 m the contribution is between 1.4% and 21.7% (the mean 4.4-4.5%), whereas within the sand deposit layer between 0.5 m and 1.0 m below the sea bottom it is between 2% and 4.2% (the mean 2.5-3.3%). The limit value is the 2% isoline of the heavy minerals contribution in the sands. The main useful components in Ławica Odrzana deposit are heavy minerals such as: ilmenite (FeTiO3), rutile (TiO2), zircon (ZrSiO4) and garnets (Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn)3(Al, Fe, Cr)2(SiO4)3. The percentage contribution of particular minerals in the total amount of heavy minerals in the deposit is as follows: ilmenite – 31%; zircon – 5%; leucoxene – 4%; rutile – 4%; garnets – 32%.
It is possible to enlarge the resources of sands with heavy mineral in an area located north of the documented Ławica Odrzana deposit, however it requires a detailed exploration of the prospective areas located in this region. In the zircon concentrate from the Ławica Odrzana sands, the rare earth elements (REE) content is as follows: Ce – 3.9 g/kg, La – 1.9, Nd – 1.7, Pd, Y, Gd, Sa within the range of 0.5-0.2 g/kg; whereas in the zircon concentrate from the Ławica Słupska sands the following contents were indicated: Ce – 2.3 g/kg; La – 1.1 g/kg; Nd – 0.96 g/kg, Pd, Y, Gd, Sa within the range of 0.1-0.3 g/kg. In the prospective fields of the Łąwica Słupska deposit, the average content of heavy minerals is from 3.1 to 13.1 weighted percentage (maximum of 45 weighted percentage) and is similar to this from the Ławica Odrzana deposit. The total heavy minerals resources have not been estimated, but according to the preliminary assessments in 1 tonne of sand the following amounts of minerals occur: about 17.40 kg of ilmenite, 2.5-3.5 kg of zirconium, rutile and monazite, and 9.5-30.0 kg of garnet*.
The useful components from the Ławica Odrzana deposit could be used for the colorants and coat production, for the production of high resistance steel, artificial materials, paper, electronics, in the biomedical engineering, in the ceramic and glass industries, in nuclear power and for the production of abrasives and fibers. Quartz sands remaining after a heavy minerals separation might be used in the glass industry, for the production of moulding sands and in the building industry.
Prepared by: Wojciech Miśkiewicz
* Kramarska R., Szamałek K., 2020 – ‘Minerały ciężkie’. In: ‘Bilans perspektywicznych zasobów kopalin Polski wg stanu na 31.12.2018 r.’ (eds. Szamałek K., Szuflicki M., Mizerski W.): 418. PIG-PIB, Warszawa [in Polish].
2021
The main source of heavy minerals e.g. in the Baltic Sea are secondary clastic deposits in a form of sandy sediments of the shallow-water and beach area. The Baltic heavy minerals concentrations occur within the banks: Odrzana and Słupska. Sands with heavy minerals were documented north of the Bay of Pomerania, within the Polish Exclusive Economic Zone of the Baltic Sea – in the north-eastern part of the Ławica Odrzana (the Odrzana bank). The documentation was the result of the longstanding and multistage geological studies, concentrated on the exploration of the Bay of Pomerania geological structure, on the searching of useful minerals and possibilities of their usage. Sands of the Ławica Odrzana deposit are well sorted an usually contain above 90% of quartz. The main component of heavy minerals are translucent minerals in the amount of 51.6% to 75.9%, with the less significant participation of non-translucent minerals – in the amount of 24.1% to 48.4%.
The contribution of heavy minerals in sands varies. Within the layer between the surface and the depth of 0.5 m the contribution is between 1.4% and 21.7% (the mean 4.4-4.5%), whereas within the sand deposit layer between 0.5 m and 1.0 m below the sea bottom it is between 2% and 4.2% (the mean 2.5-3.3%). The limit value is the 2% isoline of the heavy minerals contribution in the sands. The main useful components in Ławica Odrzana deposit are heavy minerals such as: ilmenite (FeTiO3), rutile (TiO2), zircon (ZrSiO4) and garnets (Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn)3(Al, Fe, Cr)2(SiO4)3. The percentage contribution of particular minerals in the total amount of heavy minerals in the deposit is: garnets – 32%, ilmenite – 31%; zircon – 5%; leucoxene – 4%; rutile – 4%. In the zircon concentrate from the Ławica Odrzana sands, the rare earth elements content is as follows: Ce – 3.9 g/kg, La – 1.9 g/kg, Nd – 1.7 g/kg, Pd, Y, Gd, Sa within the range of 0.5-0.2 g/kg; whereas in the zircon concentrate from Ławica Słupska sands the following contents were indicated: Ce – 3.9 g/kg; La – 1.9 g/kg; Nd – 0.96 g/kg.
It is possible to enlarge the resources of sands with heavy mineral in an area located north of the documented Ławica Odrzana deposit, however it requires a detailed exploration of the prospective areas located in this region. In the zircon concentrate from the Ławica Odrzana sands, the rare earth elements content is as follows: Ce – 3.9 g/kg, La – 1.9, Nd – 1.7, Pd, Y, Gd, Sa within the range of 0.5-0.2 g/kg; whereas in the zircon concentrate from the Ławica Słupska sands the following contents were indicated: Ce – 2.3 g/kg; La – 1.1 g/kg; Nd – 0.96 g/kg, Pd, Y, Gd, Sa within the range of 0.1-0.3 g/kg. in the prospective fields of the Łąwica Słupska deposit, the average content of heavy minerals is from 3.1 to 13.1 weighted percentage (maximum of 45 weighted percentage) and is similar to this from the Ławica Odrzana deposit. The total heavy minerals resources have not been estimated, but according to the preliminary assessments in a 1 tonne of sand the following amounts of minerals occur: about 17.40 kg of ilmenite, 2.5-3.5 kg of zirconium, rutile and monazite, and 9.5-30.0 kg of garnet*.
The useful components from the Ławica Odrzana deposit could be used for the colorants and coat production, for the production of high resistance steel, artificial materials, paper, electronics, in the biomedical engineering, in the ceramic and glass industries, in nuclear power and for the production of abrasives and fibers. Quartz sands remaining after a heavy minerals separation might be used in the glass industry, for the production of moulding sands and in the building industry.
Prepared by: Wojciech Miśkiewicz
* Kramarska R., Szamałek K., 2020 – ‘Minerały ciężkie’. In: ‘Bilans perspektywicznych zasobów kopalin Polski wg stanu na 31.12.2018 r.’ (eds. Szamałek K., Szuflicki M., Mizerski W.): 418. PIG-PIB, Warszawa [in Polish].
2020
Quratz sands with heavy minerals were documented within the Polish economic zone of the Baltic Sea – in the Bay of Pomerania – in the north-eastern part of the Odra Bank. The documentation was the result of the longstanding and multistage geological studies, carried out in order to explore the geological structure of the Bay of Pomerania and to search useful minerals.
The contribution of heavy minerals in sands varies. Within the layer between the surface and the depth of 0.5 m the contribution is between 1.4% and 21.7% (the mean 4.4-4.5%), whereas within the sand deposit layer between 0.5 m and 1.0 m below the sea bottom it is between 2% and 4.2% (the mean 2.5-3.3%). The limit value is the 2% isoline of the heavy minerals contribution in the sands. The main useful components in Ławica Odrzana deposit are heavy minerals such as: ilmenite (FeTiO3), rutile (TiO2), zircon (ZrSiO4) and garnets (Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn)3(Al, Fe, Cr)2(SiO4)3. The percentage contribution of particular minerals in the total amount of heavy minerals in the deposit is: garnets – 32%, ilmenite – 31%; zircon – 5%; leucoxene – 4%; rutile – 4%. In the zircon concentrate from Ławica Odrzana sands, the rare earth elements content is as follows: Ce – 3.9 g/kg, La – 1.9 g/kg, Nd – 1.7 g/kg, Pd, Y, Gd, Sa within the range of 0.5-0.2 g/kg; whereas in the zircon concentrate from Ławica Słupska sands the following contents were indicated: Ce – 3.9 g/kg; La – 1.9 g/kg; Nd – 0.96 g/kg.
The useful components from Ławica Odrzana deposit, after the exploitation and separation, could be used for the colorants and coat production, for the production of high resistance steel, in the biomedical engineering, in the ceramic and glass industries, in nuclear power and for the production of abrasives and fibers. Quartz sands remaining after a heavy minerals separation might be used in the glass industry, for the production of moulding sands and in the building industry.
Prepared by: Krzysztof Szamałek
2019
Quratz sands with heavy minerals were documented within the Polish economic zone of the Baltic Sea – in the Bay of Pomerania – in the north-eastern part of the Odra Bank. The documentation was the result of the longstanding and multistage geological studies, carried out in order to explore the geological structure of the Bay of Pomerania and to search useful minerals.
The contribution of heavy minerals in sands varies. Within the layer between the surface and the depth of 0.5 m the contribution is between 1.4% and 21.7% (the mean 4.4-4.5%), whereas within the sand deposit layer between 0.5 m and 1.0 m below the sea bottom it is between 2% and 4.2% (the mean 2.5-3.3%). The limit value is the 2% isoline of the heavy minerals contribution in the sands. The main useful components in Ławica Odrzana deposit are heavy minerals such as: ilmenite (FeTiO3), rutile (TiO2), zircon (ZrSiO4) and garnets (Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn)3(Al, Fe, Cr)2(SiO4)3. The percentage contribution of particular minerals in the total amount of heavy minerals in the deposit is: garnets – 32%, ilmenite – 31%; zircon – 5%; leucoxene – 4%; rutile – 4%. In the zircon concentrate from Ławica Odrzana sands, the rare earth elements content is as follows: Ce – 3.9 g/kg, La – 1.9 g/kg, Nd – 1.7 g/kg, Pd, Y, Gd, Sa within the range of 0.5-0.2 g/kg; whereas in the zircon concentrate from Ławica Słupska sands the following contents were indicated: Ce – 3.9 g/kg; La – 1.9 g/kg; Nd – 0.96 g/kg.
The useful components from Ławica Odrzana deposit, after the exploitation and separation, could be used for the colorants and coat production, for the production of high resistance steel, in the biomedical engineering, in the ceramic and glass industries, in nuclear power and for the production of abrasives and fibers. Quartz sands remaining after a heavy minerals separation might be used in the glass industry, for the production of moulding sands and in the building industry.
Prepared by: Krzysztof Szamałek
2018
Quratz sands with heavy minerals were documented within the Polish economic zone of the Baltic Sea – in the Bay of Pomerania – in the north-eastern part of the Odra Bank. The documentation was the result of the longstanding and multistage geological studies, carried out in order to explore the geological structure of the Bay of Pomerania and to search useful minerals.
The contribution of heavy minerals in sands varies. Within the layer between the surface and the depth of 0.5 m the contribution is between 1.4% and 21.7% (the mean 4.4-4.5%), whereas within the sand deposit layer between 0.5 m and 1.0 m below the sea bottom it is between 2% and 4.2% (the mean 2.5-3.3%). The limit value is the 2% isoline of the heavy minerals contribution in the sands. The main useful components in Ławica Odrzana deposit are heavy minerals such as: ilmenite (FeTiO3), rutile (TiO2), zircon (ZrSiO4) and garnets (Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn)3(Al, Fe, Cr)2(SiO4)3. The percentage contribution of particular minerals in the total amount of heavy minerals in the deposit is: garnets – 32%, ilmenite – 31%; zircon – 5%; leucoxene – 4%; rutile – 4%.
The useful components from Ławica Odrzana deposit, after the exploitation and separation, could be used for the colorants and coat production, for the production of high resistance steel, in the biomedical engineering, in the ceramic and glass industries, in nuclear power and for the production of abrasives and fibers. Quartz sands remaining after a heavy minerals separation might be used in the glass industry, for the production of moulding sands and in the building industry.
Prepared by: Krzysztof Szamałek
2017
Quratz sands with heavy minerals were documented within the Polish economic zone of the Baltic Sea – in the Bay of Pomerania – in the north-eastern part of the Odra Bank. The documentation was the result of the longstanding and multistage geological studies, carried out in order to explore the geological structure of the Bay of Pomerania and to search useful minerals.
The contribution of heavy minerals varies. Within the layer between the surface and the depth of 0.5 m the contribution is between 1.4% and 21.7% (the mean 4.4-4.5%), whereas within the sand deposit layer between 0.5 m and 1.0 m below the sea bottom it is between 2% and 4.2% (the mean 2.5-3.3%). The limit value is the 2% isoline of the heavy minerals contribution in the sands. The main useful component in Ławica Odrzana deposit are heavy minerals such as: ilmenite (FeTiO3), rutile (TiO2), zircon (ZrSiO4) and garnets (Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn)3(Al, Fe, Cr)2(SiO4)3. The percentage contribution of particular minerals in the total amount of heavy minerals in the deposit is: garnets – 32%, ilmenite – 31%; zircon – 5%; leucoxene – 4%; rutile – 4%.
The useful components from Ławica Odrzana deposit, exploited and separated, could be used for the colorants and coat production, for the production of high resistance steel, in the biomedical engineering, in the ceramic and glass industry, in nuclear power and for the production of abrasives and fibers. Quartz sands remaining after a heavy minerals separation might be used in the glass industry, for the production of moulding sands and in the building industry.
Prepared by: Krzysztof Szamałek
2016
Quartz sands with heavy minerals were documented within the Polish economic zone of the Baltic Sea – in the Bay of Pomerania – in the north-east part of the Odra Bank. The documentation was the result of the longstanding and multistage geological studies, carried out in order to explore geological structure of the Bay of Pomerania and to search useful minerals.
The contribution of heavy minerals varies. Within the layer between the surface and the depth of 0.5 m the contribution is between 1.4% and 21.7% (the mean 4.4-4.5%), whereas within the layer between 0.5 m and 1.0 m below the sea bottom it is between 2% and 4.2% (the mean 2.5-3.3%). The limit value is 2% of heavy minerals contribution. The main useful components in Ławica Odrzana deposit are heavy minerals such as: ilmenite (FeTiO3), rutile (TiO2), zircon (ZrSiO4) and garnets (Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn)3(Al, Fe, Cr)2(SiO4)3. The percentage contribution of particular minerals in the total amount of heavy minerals in the deposit is: garnets – 32%, ilmenite – 31%; zircon – 5%; leucoxene – 4%; rutile – 4%.
The useful components from Ławica Odrzana deposit, exploited and separated, could be used for colorants and coat production, for the production of high resistance steel, in the biomedical engineering, in the ceramic and glass industry, in nuclear power and for the production of abrasives and fibers. Quartz sands remaining after a heavy minerals separation might be used in the glass industry, for the production of moulding sands and in the building industry.
Prepared by: Krzysztof Szamałek
2015
Quartz sands with heavy minerals were documented within the Polish economic zone of the Baltic Sea – in the Bay of Pomerania – in the north-east part of the Odra Bank. The documentation was the result of the longstanding and multistage geological studies, carried out in order to explore geological structure of the Bay of Pomerania and to search useful minerals.
The main useful components in Ławica Odrzana deposit are heavy minerals such as: ilmenite (FeTiO3), rutile (TiO2), zircon (ZrSiO4) and garnets (Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn)3(Al, Fe, Cr)2(SiO4)3. The percentage contribution of particular minerals in the total amount of heavy minerals in the deposit is: garnets – 32%, ilmenite – 31%; zircon – 5%; leucoxene – 4%; rutile – 4%.
The useful components from Ławica Odrzana deposit, exploited and separated, could be used for colorants and coat production, for production of high resistance steel, in biomedical engineering, in ceramic and glass industry, in nuclear power and for production of abrasives and fibers. Quartz sands remaining after heavy minerals separation might be used in glass industry, for production of moulding sands and in building industry.
Prepared by: Krzysztof Szamałek
2014
Quratz sands with heavy minerals were documented within the Polish economic zone of the Baltic Sea – in the Bay of Pomerania – in the north-east part of the Odra Bank. The documentation was the result of the longstanding and multistage geological studies, carried out in order to explore geological structure of the Bay of Pomerania and to search useful minerals.
The main useful component in Ławica Odrzana deposit are heavy minerals such as: ilmenite (FeTiO3), rutile (TiO2), zircon (ZrSiO4) and garnets (Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn)3(Al, Fe, Cr)2(SiO4)3. The percentage contribution of particular minerals in the total amount of heavy minerals is: ilmenite – 31%; zircon – 5%; leucoxene – 4%; rutile – 4%; garnets – 32%.
The useful components from Ławica Odrzana deposit, exploited and separated, could be used for colorants and coat production, for production of high resistance steel, in biomedical engineering, in ceramic and glass industry, in nuclear power and for production of abrasives and fibers. Quartz sands remaining after heavy minerals separation might be used in glass industry, for production of moulding sands and in building industry.
Prepared by: Krzysztof Szamałek
Table 1. List of sands with heavy minerals deposits – thousand tonnes