Iron, titanium and vanadium ores

2022

Resources and output

At present, the magnetite-ilmenite ores appear to be of an interest mainly as a vanadium raw material. According to M. Nieć (2003)* the cut-off grade equivalent of V₂O₅ in an anticipated economic ore should be equal 0.73% - with such assumption the resources of the Suwałki region would constitute only 1% of the resources previously documented. Large resources of shallow-seated or even exposed deposits of that type recently discovered and proved in several places throughout the world, especially in the Republic of South Africa, indicate that the potential development of the Suwałki area ore deposits cannot be expected in the foreseeable future. According to the quoted author, the classification of the ores “even as sub-economic seems to be too optimistic under the present conditions. The potential exploitation is assessed to be extremely conflictual. The ores should be treated as an interesting geological object, without any practical value”. Taking it into account, it can be said that in Poland there is lack of iron ores deposits possible to development and exploitation.

The documented bog iron ore deposit Dębe Małe with resources estimated at 8 thousand tonnes is intended to other industrial uses than the steel industry, especially as an adsorbent of H₂S, CO₂ and organic compounds of sulfur and other environmental activities.

Table 1. List of iron ores deposits – thousand tonnes

Prepared by: Stanisław Z. Mikulski

* Nieć M., 2003 – "Ocena geologiczno-gospodarcza złóż wanadonośnych rud tytanomagnetytowych masywu suwalskiego". Gosp. Sur. Min., 19, 2: 5–28. Wyd. IGSMiE PAN, Kraków [in Polish].

2021

Resources and output

At present, the magnetite-ilmenite ores appear to be of an interest mainly as a vanadium raw material. According to M. Nieć (2003)* the cut-off grade equivalent of V₂O₅ in an anticipated economic ore should be equal 0.73% - with such assumption the resources of the Suwałki region would constitute only 1% of the resources previously documented. Large resources of shallow-seated or even exposed deposits of that type recently discovered and proved in several places throughout the world, especially in the Republic of South Africa, indicate that the potential development of the Suwałki area ore deposits cannot be expected in the foreseeable future. According to the quoted author, the classification of the ores “even as sub-economic seems to be too optimistic under the present conditions. The potential exploitation is assessed to be extremely conflictual. The ores should be treated as an interesting geological object, without any practical value”. Taking it into account, it can be said that in Poland there is lack of iron ores deposits possible to development and exploitation.

The documented bog iron ore deposit Dębe Małe with resources estimated at 8 thousand tonnes is intended to other industrial uses than the steel industry, especially as an adsorbent of H₂S, CO₂ and organic compounds of sulfur and other environmental activities.

Table 1. List of iron ores deposits – thousand tonnes

Prepared by: Stanisław Z. Mikulski

* Nieć M., 2003 – "Ocena geologiczno-gospodarcza złóż wanadonośnych rud tytanomagnetytowych masywu suwalskiego". Gosp. Sur. Min., 19, 2: 5–28. Wyd. IGSMiE PAN, Kraków [in Polish].

2020

Resources and output

At present, the magnetite-ilmenite ores appear to be of an interest mainly as a vanadium raw material. According to M. Nieć (2003)* the cut-off grade equivalent of V₂O₅ in an anticipated economic ore should be equal 0.73% - with such assumption the resources of Suwałki region would constitute only 1% of the resources previously documented. Large resources of shallow-seated or even exposed deposits of that type recently discovered and proved in several places throughout the world, especially in the Republic of South Africa, indicate that the potential developing of the Suwałki area ore deposits cannot be expected in the foreseeable future. According to the quoted author, the classification of the ores “even as sub-economic seems to be too optimistic under the present conditions. The potential exploitation is assessed to be extremely conflictual. The ores should be treated as an interesting geological object, without any practical value”. Taking it into account it can be said that in Poland there is lack of iron ores deposits posiible to the development and exploitation.

The documented bog iron ore deposit Dębe Małe with resources estimated at 8 thousand tonnes is intended to other industrial uses than the steel industry, especially as an adsorbent of H₂S, CO₂ and organic compounds of sulfur and other environmental activities.

Table 1. List of iron ores deposits – thousand tonnes

Prepared by: Stanisław Z. Mikulski

* Nieć M., 2003 – "Ocena geologiczno-gospodarcza złóż wanadonośnych rud tytanomagnetytowych masywu suwalskiego". Gosp. Sur. Min., 19, 2: 5–28. Wyd. IGSMiE PAN, Kraków [in Polish].

2019

Resources and output

At present, the magnetite-ilmenite ores appear to be of an interest mainly as a vanadium raw material. According to M. Nieć (2003)* the cut-off grade equivalent of V₂O₅ in an anticipated economic ore should be equal 0.73% - with such assumption the resources of Suwałki region would constitute only 1% of the resources previously documented. Large resources of shallow-seated or even exposed deposits of that type recently discovered and proved in several places throughout the world, especially in the Republic of South Africa, indicate that the potential developing of the Suwałki area ore deposits cannot be expected in the foreseeable future. According to the quoted author, the classification of the ores “even as sub-economic seems to be too optimistic under the present conditions. The potential exploitation is assessed to be extremely conflictual. The ores should be treated as an interesting geological object, without any practical value”. If this is the case, it may be stated that Poland does not have any iron ore deposits which could be the source of raw material for a steel industry.

The documented bog iron ore deposit Dębe Małe with resources estimated at 8 thousand tonnes is intended to other industrial uses than the steel industry, especially as an adsorbent of H₂S, CO₂ and organic compounds of sulfur and other environmental activities.

Table 1. List of iron ores deposits – thousand tonnes

Prepared by: Stanisław Z. Mikulski

* Nieć M., 2003 – "Ocena geologiczno-gospodarcza złóż wanadonośnych rud tytanomagnetytowych masywu suwalskiego". Gosp. Sur. Min., 19, 2: 5–28. Wyd. IGSMiE PAN, Kraków.

2018

Resources of the iron ores were crossed out from the registry of Polish mineral raw material deposits by the decision of the Minister of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry already in 1994 as not meeting the criteria for economic ores.

Igneous deposits of Fe-Ti-V formation – vanadium-bearing magnetite-ilmenite ores occur in anorthosite complexes of the Proterozoic Suwałki mafic massif (north-eastern Poland - map). The deposits became known thanks to an intense drilling exploration and an appraisal drilling program launched in the 1970s. These deposits were documented at the depth from 850 m to 2,300 m. In order to classify the resources, in 1996 the new balancing criteria were worked out and accepted. On the basis of these parameters the resources of Krzemianka and Udryń deposits were at that time classified as sub-economic on the account of low contents of metals, especially vanadium (0.26-0.31% V₂O₅ at the average) and a large depth of the occurrence.

At present, the magnetite-ilmenite ores appear to be of an interest mainly as a vanadium raw material. According to M. Nieć (2003)* the cut-off grade equivalent of V₂O₅ in an anticipated economic ore should be equal 0.73% - with such assumption the resources of Suwałki region would constitute only 1% of the resources previously documented. Large resources of shallow-seated or even exposed deposits of that type recently discovered and proved in several places throughout the world, especially in the Republic of South Africa, indicate that the potential developing of the Suwałki area ore deposits cannot be expected in the foreseeable future. According to the quoted author, the classification of the ores “even as sub-economic seems to be too optimistic under the present conditions. The potential exploitation is assessed to be extremely conflictual. The ores should be treated as an interesting geological object, without any practical value”. If this is the case, it may be stated that Poland does not have any iron ore deposits which could be the source of raw material for a steel industry.

The documented bog iron ore deposit Dębe Małe with resources estimated at 8 thousand tonnes is intended to other industrial uses than the steel industry, especially as an adsorbent of H₂S, CO₂ and organic compounds of sulfur and other environmental activities.

Table 1. List of iron ores deposits – thousand tonnes

Prepared by: Stanisław Z. Mikulski

*Nieć M., 2003 – "Ocena geologiczno-gospodarcza złóż wanadonośnych rud tytanomagnetytowych masywu suwalskiego". Gosp. Sur. Min., 19, 2: 5–28. Wyd. IGSMiE PAN, Kraków.

2017

Resources of the iron ores were crossed out from the registry of Polish mineral raw material deposits by the decision of the Minister of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry already in 1994 as not meeting the criteria for economic ores.

Deposits of vanadium-bearing magnetite-ilmenite ores occur in anorthosite complexes of the Proterozoic Suwałki mafic massif (north-eastern Poland) at the depth from 850 m to 2,300 m. The deposits became known thanks to an intense drilling exploration and an appraisal drilling program launched in the 1970s. In order to classify the resources of the ores, the special economic criteria were worked out and accepted in 1996. On the basis of these new criteria the ore resources of Krzemianka and Udryń deposits were classified as sub-economic on the account of low contents of metals, especially vanadium (0.26-0.31% V₂O₅ at the average) and a large depth of the occurrence.

At present, the magnetite-ilmenite ores appear to be of an interest mainly as a raw material of vanadium. According to M. Nieć* evaluation the cut-off grade equivalent of V₂O₅ in an anticipated economic ore should be equal 0.73% what constitute only 1% of totally documented resources. However, large resources of shallow-seated or even exposed deposits of that type were recently discovered and proved in the Republic of South Africa and several other places throughout the world. This makes any attempt to develop the ore deposits of the Suwałki area difficult to expect in the foreseeable future and their classification as sub-economic deposits too optimistic under the present conditions. It should be added that any decision to start development of the Suwałki ore deposits would bring a very high risk of social and environmental conflicts. According to M. Nieć*, treating the ores as even anticipated sub-economic seems to be too optimistic. The potential exploitation is being assessed as too conflictual. Therefore, the ores should be treated as an interesting geological object, without any practical value”. If this is the case, it may be stated that Poland does not have any iron ore deposits which could be the source of raw material for a steel industry.

Documented bog iron ore deposit Dębe Małe with resources estimated at 8 thousand tonnes is intended to other industrial uses than the steel industry, especially as an adsorbent of H₂S, CO₂ and organic compounds of sulfur and other environmental activities.

Table 1. List of iron ores deposits – thousand tonnes

Prepared by: Stanisław Z. Mikulski

*Nieć M., 2003 – "Ocena geologiczno-gospodarcza złóż wanadonośnych rud tytanomagnetytowych masywu suwalskiego". Gosp. Sur. Min., 19, 2: 5–28. Wyd. IGSMiE PAN, Kraków.

2016

Resources of the iron ores were crossed out from the registry of Polish mineral raw material deposits by the decision of the Minister of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry already in 1994 as not meeting criteria for economic ores.

Deposits of vanadium-bearing magnetite-ilmenite ores occur in anorthosite complexes of the Proterozoic Suwałki mafic massif (north-eastern Poland) at the depth from 850 m to 2,300 m. The deposits became known thanks to an intense drilling exploration and an appraisal drilling program launched in the 1970s. In order to classify the resources of the ores, special economic criteria were elaborated and accepted in 1996. On the basis of these new criteria the ore resources of Krzemianka and Udryń deposits were classified as sub-economic on account of low contents of metals, especially vanadium (0.26-0.31% V₂O₅ at the average) and large depth of occurrence.

At present the magnetite-ilmenite ores appear to be of interest mainly as a raw material of vanadium. According to M. Nieć evaluation the cut-off grade equivalent of V₂O₅ in economic ore should reach 0.73% what constitutes only for 1% of totally documented resources*. However, large resources of shallow-seated or even exposed deposits of that type were recently discovered and proved in the Republic of South Africa and several other places throughout the world. This makes any attempt to develop the ore deposits of the Suwałki area difficult to expect in the foreseeable future and their classification as sub-economic deposits too optimistic under the present conditions. It should be added that any decision to start development of the Suwałki ore deposits would bring a very high risk of social and environmental conflicts. Therefore, the ores should be treated as an interesting geological object, without any practical value of larger economical importance. If this is the case, it may be stated that Poland does not have any iron ore deposits which could be the source of raw material for the steel industry.

A bog iron ore deposit of the Dębe Małe area is relatively small, with resources estimated at 8,000 tonnes. Its resources appear to be not useful as a raw material for the steel industry but easily find other industrial uses, especially as adsorbent of H₂S, CO₂ and organic compounds of sulfur in cleaning combustion flue gases and in other environmental activities.

Table 1. List of iron ores deposits – thousand tonnes

Prepared by: Stanisław Z. Mikulski

*Nieć M., 2003 – "Ocena geologiczno-gospodarcza złóż wanadonośnych rud tytanomagnetytowych masywu suwalskiego". Gosp. Sur. Min., 19, 2: 5–28. Wyd. IGSMiE PAN, Kraków.

2015

In Poland, during 50-70'es of 20^th century, iron ores were exploited in several mines situated in the Częstochowa, Kielce and Łęczyca regions. They were occurring in sedimentary rocks in the form of accumulations of siderite nodules and iron-bearing limonitic sands. Resources of the iron ores were crossed out from the registry of Polish mineral raw material deposits by decision of the Minister of the Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry in 1994 as not meeting the economic criteria. Since that there has not been any economic iron deposit documented in Poland.

Deposits of vanadium-bearing magnetite-ilmenite ores occur in anorthosite complexes of the Proterozoic Suwałki mafic massif (north-eastern Poland) at the depth from 850 m to 2,300 m. The deposits became known thanks to an intense drilling exploration and appraisal drilling program launched in the 1970s. In order to classify the resources of the ores, special economic criteria were elaborated and accepted in 1996. On the basis of these new criteria the ore resources of the Krzemianka and Udryń deposits were classified as subeconomic on account of low contents of metals, especially vanadium (0.26-0.31% V₂O₅ at the average) and large depth of occurrence.

At present the magnetite-ilmenite ores appear to be of interest mainly as a raw material of vanadium. According to M. Nieć evaluation the cut-off grade equivalent of V₂O₅ in economic ore should reach 0.73% what constitutes only for 1% of totally documented resources*. However, large resources of shallow-seated or even exposed deposits of that type were recently discovered and proved in the Republic of South Africa and several other places throughout the world. This makes any attempt to develop the ore deposits of the Suwałki area difficult to expect in the foreseeable future and their classification as subeconomic deposits too optimistic under the present conditions. It should be added that any decision to start development of the Suwałki ore deposits would bring a very high risk of social and environmental conflicts. Therefore, the ores should be treated as an interesting geological object, without any practical value of larger economical importance. If this is the case, it may be stated that Poland does not have any iron ore deposits which could be the source of raw material for the steel industry.

A bog iron ore deposit of the Dębe Małe area is relatively small, with resources estimated at 8,000 tonnes. Its resources appear to be not useful as raw material for the steel industry but easily find other industrial uses, especially as adsorbent of H₂S, CO₂ and organic compounds of sulfur in cleaning combustion flue gases and in other environmental activities.

Prepared by: Stanisław Z. Mikulski

*Nieć M., 2003 – "Ocena geologiczno-gospodarcza złóż wanadonośnych rud tytanomagnetytowych masywu suwalskiego". Gosp. Sur. Min., 19, 2: 5–28. Wyd. IGSMiE PAN, Kraków.

2014

In Poland, during 50-70'es of 20^th century, iron ores were exploited in several mines situated in the Częstochowa, Kielce and Łęczyca regions. Those were iron ores occurring in sedimentary rocks in the form of accumulations of siderite nodules and iron-bearing limonitic sands. Resources of the iron ores were crossed out of the registry of Polish mineral raw material deposits by decision of the Minister of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry already in 1994 as not meeting economic criteria. Since that there has not been any economic iron deposit documented in Poland.

Deposits of vanadium-bearing magnetite-ilmenite ores occur in anorthosite complexes of the Proterozoic Suwałki mafic massif (north-eastern Poland) at depths from 850 to 2,300 m. The deposits became known thanks to an intense drilling exploration and appraisal drilling program launched in the 1970s. In order to classify the resources of the ores, special economic criteria were worked out and accepted in 1996. On the basis of these new criteria the ore resources of the Krzemianka and Udryń deposits were classified as subeconomic on account of low contents of metals, especially vanadium (0.26-0.31% V₂O₅ at the average) and large depth of occurrence.

At present the magnetite-ilmenite ores appear to be of interest mainly as a raw material of vanadium. According to M. Nieć (2003)⁽¹⁾ evaluation the cut-off grade equivalent of V₂O₅ in economic ore should reach 0.73% what constitute only 1% of totally documented resources. However, large resources of shallow-seated or even exposed deposits of that type were recently discovered and proved in the Republic of South Africa and several other places throughout the world. This makes any attempt to develop the ore deposits of the Suwałki area difficult to expect in the foreseenable future and their classification as subeconomic deposits too optimistic under the present conditions. It should be added that any decision to start development of the Suwałki ore deposits would bring a very high risk of social and environmental conflicts. Therefore, the ores should be treated at present as an interesting geological object, without any practical value larger economical importance. If this is the case, it may be stated that there Poland does not have any iron ore deposits which could be the source of raw material for the steel industry.

A bog iron ore deposit of the Dębe Małe area is relatively small, with resources estimated at 8,000 tonnes. Its resources appear not useful as raw material for the steel industry but easily find other industrial uses, especially as adsorbent of H₂S, CO₂ and organic compounds of sulfur in cleaning combustion flue gases and in other environmental activities.

Prepared by: Stanisław Z. Mikulski

⁽¹⁾Nieć M., 2003 – "Ocena geologiczno-gospodarcza złóż wanadonośnych rud tytanomagnetytowych masywu suwalskiego". Gosp. Sur. Min., 19, 2: 5–28. Wyd. IGSMiE PAN, Kraków.

2013

In Poland, during 50-70'es of 20^th century, iron ores were exploited in several mines situated in the Częstochowa, Kielce and Łęczyca regions. Those were iron ores occurring in sedimentary rocks in the form of accumulations of siderite nodules and iron-bearing limonitic sands. Resources of the iron ores were crossed out of the registry of Polish mineral raw material deposits by decision of the Minister of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry already in 1994 as not meeting economic criteria. Since that there has not been any economic iron deposit documented in Poland.

Deposits of vanadium-bearing magnetite-ilmenite ores occur in anorthosite complexes of the Proterozoic Suwałki mafic massif (north-eastern Poland) at depths from 850 to 2,300 m. The deposits became known thanks to an intense drilling exploration and appraisal drilling program launched in the 1970s. In order to classify the resources of the ores, special economic criteria were worked out and accepted in 1996. On the basis of these new criteria the ore resources of the Krzemianka and Udryń deposits were classified as subeconomic on account of low contents of metals, especially vanadium (0.26-0.31% V₂O₅ at the average) and large depth of occurrence.

At present the magnetite-ilmenite ores appear to be of interest mainly as a raw material of vanadium. According to M. Nieć (2003)⁽¹⁾ evaluation the cut-off grade equivalent of V₂O₅ in economic ore should reach 0.73% what constitute only 1% of totally documented resources. However, large resources of shallow-seated or even exposed deposits of that type were recently discovered and proved in the Republic of South Africa and several other places throughout the world. This makes any attempt to develop the ore deposits of the Suwałki area difficult to expect in the foreseenable future and their classification as subeconomic deposits too optimistic under the present conditions. It should be added that any decision to start development of the Suwałki ore deposits would bring a very high risk of social and environmental conflicts. Therefore, the ores should be treated at present as an interesting geological object, without any practical value larger economical importance. If this is the case, it may be stated that there Poland does not have any iron ore deposits which could be the source of raw material for the steel industry.

A bog iron ore deposit of the Dębe Małe area is relatively small, with resources estimated at 8,000 tonnes. Its resources appear not useful as raw material for the steel industry but easily find other industrial uses, especially as adsorbent of H₂S, CO₂ and organic compounds of sulfur in cleaning combustion flue gases and in other environmental activities.

Prepared by: Stanisław Z. Mikulski

⁽¹⁾Nieć M., 2003 – "Ocena geologiczno-gospodarcza złóż wanadonośnych rud tytanomagnetytowych masywu suwalskiego". Gospodarka Sur. Min., t. 19 z. 2, str. 5-28. Wyd. IGSMiE PAN Kraków.

2012

In Poland, during 50-70'es of 20^th century, iron ores were exploited in several mines situated in the Częstochowa, Kielce and Łęczyca regions. Those were iron ores occurring in sedimentary rocks in the form of accumulations of siderite nodules and iron-bearing limonitic sands. Resources of the iron ores were crossed out of the registry of Polish mineral raw material deposits by decision of the Minister of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry already in 1994 as not meeting economic criteria. Since that time no economic iron deposits were documented in Poland.

Deposits of vanadium-bearing magnetite-ilmenite ores occur in anorthosite complexes of the Proterozoic Suwałki mafic massif (north-eastern Poland) at depths from 850 to 2,300 m. The deposits became known thanks to an intense drilling exploration and appraisal drilling program launched in the 1970s. In order to classify the resources of the ores, special economic criteria were worked out and accepted in 1996. On the basis of these new criteria the ore resources of the Krzemianka and Udryń deposits were classified as subeconomic on account of low contents of metals, especially vanadium (0.26-0.31% V₂O₅ at the average) and large depth of occurrence.

At present the magnetite-ilmenite ores appear to be of interest mainly as a raw material of vanadium. According to M. Nieć (2003)⁽¹⁾ evaluation the cut-off grade equivalent of V₂O₅ in economic ore should reach 0.73% what constitute only 1% of totally documented resources. However, large resources of shallow-seated or even exposed deposits of that type were recently discovered and proved in the Republic of South Africa and several other places throughout the world. This makes any attempt to develop the ore deposits of the Suwałki area difficult to expect in the foreseenable future and their classification as subeconomic deposits too optimistic under the present conditions. It should be added that any decision to start development of the Suwałki ore deposits would bring a very high risk of social and environmental conflicts. Therefore, the ores should be treated at present as an interesting geological object, without any practical value larger economical importance. If this is the case, it may be stated that there Poland does not have any iron ore deposits which could be the source of raw material for the steel industry.

A bog iron ore deposit of the Dębe Małe area is relatively small, with resources estimated at 8,000 tonnes. Its resources appear not useful as raw material for the steel industry but easily find other industrial uses, especially as adsorbent of H₂S, CO₂ and organic compounds of sulfur in cleaning combustion flue gases and in other environmental activities.

Prepared by: Stanisław Z. Mikulski

⁽¹⁾Nieć M., 2003 – "Ocena geologiczno-gospodarcza złóż wanadonośnych rud tytanomagnetytowych masywu suwalskiego". Gospodarka Sur. Min., t. 19 z. 2, str. 5-28. Wyd. IGSMiE PAN Kraków.

2011

In Poland, during 50-70'es of 20^th century, iron ores were exploited in several mines situated in the Częstochowa, Kielce and Łęczyca regions. Those were iron ores occurring in sedimentary rocks in the form of accumulations of siderite nodules and iron-bearing limonitic sands. Resources of the iron ores were crossed out of the registry of Polish mineral raw material deposits by decision of the Minister of Environmental Protection, Natural Resources and Forestry already in 1994 as not meeting economic criteria. Since that time no economic iron deposits were documented in Poland.

Deposits of vanadium-bearing magnetite-ilmenite ores occur in anorthosite complexes of the Proterozoic Suwałki mafic massif (north-eastern Poland) at depths from 850 to 2,300 m. The deposits became known thanks to an intense drilling exploration and appraisal drilling program launched in the 1970s. In order to classify the resources of the ores, special economic criteria were worked out and accepted in 1996. On the basis of these new criteria the ore resources of the Krzemianka and Udryń deposits were classified as subeconomic on account of low contents of metals, especially vanadium (0.26-0.31% V₂O₅ at the average) and large depth of occurrence.

At present the magnetite-ilmenite ores appear to be of interest mainly as a raw material of vanadium. According to M. Nieć (2003)⁽¹⁾ evaluation the cut-off grade equivalent of V₂O₅ in economic ore should reach 0.73% what constitute only 1% of totally documented resources. However, large resources of shallow-seated or even exposed deposits of that type were recently discovered and proved in the Republic of South Africa and several other places throughout the world. This makes any attempt to develop the ore deposits of the Suwałki area difficult to expect in the foreseenable future and their classification as subeconomic deposits too optimistic under the present conditions. It should be added that any decision to start development of the Suwałki ore deposits would bring a very high risk of social and environmental conflicts. Therefore, the ores should be treated at present as an interesting geological object, without any practical value larger economical importance. If this is the case, it may be stated that there Poland does not have any iron ore deposits which could be the source of raw material for the steel industry.

A bog iron ore deposit of the Dębe Małe area is relatively small, with resources estimated at 8,000 tonnes. Its resources appear not useful as raw material for the steel industry but easily find other industrial uses, especially as adsorbent of H₂S, CO₂ and organic compounds of sulfur in cleaning combustion flue gases and in other environmental activities.

Prepared by: Stanisław Z. Mikulski

⁽¹⁾Nieć M., 2003 – "Ocena geologiczno-gospodarcza złóż wanadonośnych rud tytanomagnetytowych masywu suwalskiego". Gospodarka Sur. Min., t. 19 z. 2, str. 5-28. Wyd. IGSMiE PAN Kraków.